The attached image contains encyclopedia passages rendered as a bitmap: monospace pixel font, {cols} characters per row, {rows} rows, read left-to-right then top-to-bottom. Original paragraph breaks were collapsed to spaces.

Questions follow after the image. Answer them using ONLY text you can read in the image.
- Give short extractive answers: a word or phrase copied from the text.
- If you cannot read the relevant region well enough to answer, reply exactly UNREADABLE for that question.
- Output a numbered list, one answer per line, no commentary.