The attached image contains encyclopedia passages rendered as a bitmap in a newspaper-style layout: monospace pixel font, {columns} columns of text separated by a vertical gutter line. Each column holds {rows} lines of {cols} characters. Reading order: start with the leftmost column, read its lines left-to-right from top to bottom, then continue at the top of the next column. Original paragraph breaks were collapsed to spaces.

Questions follow after the image. Answer them using ONLY text you can read in the image.
- Give short extractive answers: a word or phrase copied from the text.
- If you cannot read the relevant region well enough to answer, reply exactly UNREADABLE for that question.
- Output a numbered list, one answer per line, no commentary.